Lubricant

Lubrication is the process employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity and moving relative to each other by interposing a substance called Lubricant between the surfaces to carry the load between the opposing surfaces. The interposed Lubricant film can be solid, a solid/liquid dispersion, liquid-liquid dispersion

In the most common case the applied is carried by the pressure generated between the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces.

Lubrication can also describe the phenomenon such reduction of wear occurs without human intervention

When we talk about lubrication smooth continuous equipment operation is assumed, with only mild wear, and without excessive stresses within the lubricated conjunctions to cause seizure at the conjunction, or break of any part of the equipment, and when such a catastrophic event does occur it means that the lubrication has broken down.

Coordinate Measuring Machine

A Coordinate Measuring Machine is a device for measuring physical geometrical of characteristic of an object. This Machine may be manually controlled by an operator or it may be computer controlled Measurement are defined by a probe attached to third moving axis of this machine. This probe touch the part of interest and allows collecting discrete points on the object surface's. The typical CMM is composed on three axes X,Y, and Z. These axes is orthogonal to each other in typical three dimensional coordinate system. Each Axis has a very accurate scale system that indicates the Location of that Axis. All three Axes are digital Display readout. The Probe is used to touch different spot of the part being measured. The Machine then uses the X,Y,Z coordinates of each these points to determine size and position. The next generation of scanning, known as laser scanning. This Method use laser beams that are projected against the surface of the part. Many thousand of points can be taken and used to not only to check the size and position, but also to create a 3D image of the part as well. This point cloud of Data can then be transffered to CAD Software to create a working 3D Model of the part.

Metrology

Metrology is a scientific study of measurement. The act of Measuring always involves a measuring instrument. Measurement always have errors and uncertainties. A core concept of Metrology is traceability defined as the property of result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references usually national or international standards,through an unbroken chain of comparison all having stated uncertainties. The level of traceability establishes the level of comparibilty of the measurement whether the result of a mesurement can be compared to the previous one, a measurement result a year ago or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world. The traceability is most often obtained by calibration, establishing the relation between the indication of a mesuring instrument and the value of measurement standard. These Standard are usually coordinated by national laboratories e.g. like National Institute of Standards and Technology(USA)

Types of Bearing

The a different types of Bearing in industrial Usage, E.g.
* Fluid Bearing, can fail quickly due to the grit or dust or other contaminants. Maintenance free in continious use
* Magnetic Bearing often needs considerable power, maintenance free
* Plain Bearing, simplest type of Bearing, widely used, relatively high friction
* Rolling Element Bearing, mainly used for higher loads
* Jewel Bearing usually mainly used in low load, high precision work such as clock
* Flexure Bearing: Limited range of movement, backlash, extremly smooth motion

Pump

A pump is a device to move gases, liquids, slurries. A pump moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure and overcomes this differences in pressure by adding energy to the system (E.g. such as water to the system). The service liquid has the task of compressing the gas to be conveyed, sealing off the various discharge chambers from each other, lubricating the shaft seals and absorbing the compression energy as heat. A gas pump is normally called compressor, except in very low pressure application, like heating, ventillating, or air conditioning where the operative equipment consists of fans or blowers.
Pumps works by using mechanical forces to pushthe material, either by physically lifting or by force of compression

Problemsolving in Lamination problems

Problem Bubbles in Lamination
Possible causes
* Low nip pressure preventing proper wetting of secondary web (Action: Increase nip pressure)
* Too soft a nip roll (Action: Solid rubber back up roll is preffered over sleeve system )
* Too much agitation of adhesive resulting in foam (Action: Slow pump down)
* Improper mixing of adhesive which may allow for more carbon dioxide gas formation resulting in out gassing. Especially on two high barrier films(Action: make sure scale is accurate)
* No smoothing bar(Action: Keep smoothing bar clean)

Galvanic deposit on the cylinder

After degreasing and nickel plating, the cylinder is ready for copper plating
Electrolytic process
* It is the electric charge transfer from a positive pole (anode) to the negative one (cathode) using a liquid solution bath as a conductor
Bath Solution composition
* Copper sulphate melted in demineralized water
* Sulfuracid
Elements influencing the crystalline of the copper deposit
* Copper quality
* Bath Temperature
* Electricity intensity (amp/dm square)
* Electrolytic Components Stability
* Hardness additive
The galvanic deposit must guarantee:
* Crsyalline Structure
* Constant hardness on the width of the cylinder
* Ductility

Ink Structure

Ink contain Pigment and Medium; Pigment can be Organic, Inorganic, Organomettalic (dye stuff) and Medium can be PP Based, Acrylic based,PU based, Vinyl based.
Usually the pigment is dispersedin the diluted medium (with certain kind of solvent).
Where color comes from inorganic?
For inorganic; metal oxide, generally from the metal in transition group in periodic table
Each oxidation state can give different color, for example FeO(reddish), Fe2O3 (yellowish)
Orbital d from the electron structure has empty orbital state, resulting electron movement from one orbital to another orbital. This movement results certain color according to the formula E=h x f (certain frequency give certain color)

Two Component Systems

Handling :
* Preheating of Adhesive usually not necessary
* Meter/Mix/Dispense equipment is required
* Mix ratio should be monitored
* Excellent
*Clean-up of machine areas
Advantages :
* Wide performance range
* Chemical cure
* Mix ratio adjustment
*Chemistry reduces tendencytoward anti-sealing of PE Laminates
* Reduced curl of finished laminates